Severe orbital hematoma with third eyelid swelling and prolapse following a blind maxillary nerve block in a horse.

A 20-year-old quarter horse gelding was presented for routine dental examination. Periodontal disease and luxation of tooth 108 was diagnosed and oral extraction was planned. After an unsuccessful blind maxillary nerve block, it was elected to perform the procedure under total intravenous anesthesia. Following recovery, a focal superficial corneal ulcer, severe retrobulbar swelling, mild exophthalmos, and marked swelling and prolapse of the third eyelid (nictitating membrane) were observed. Clinical signs persisted beyond 48 h despite the use of systemic anti-inflammatories and topical ocular anti-inflammatories and antibiotics. A temporary tarsorrhaphy was subsequently done at 48 h and the horse was discharged after 5 d of hospitalization and regression of clinical signs. Although it is very useful for easing dental extractions, the blind maxillary nerve block is associated with potential complications due to inadvertent vascular puncture. This case report describes a rare complication of prolapse of the third eyelid in a horse after a maxillary nerve block and successful treatment with a temporary tarsorrhaphy. Key clinical message: This case report explains how nictitating membrane swelling and prolapse can occur following a blind maxillary nerve block in the horse and describes treatment with a temporary tarsorrhaphy.

Hématome orbitaire sévère avec gonflement de la troisième paupière et prolapsus à la suite d'un bloc du nerf maxillaire à l'aveugle chez un cheval. Un hongre quarter horse de 20 ans a été présenté pour un examen dentaire de routine. Une maladie parodontale et une luxation de la dent 108 ont été diagnostiquées et une extraction orale a été planifiée. Après l'échec d'un bloc du nerf maxillaire à l'aveugle, il a été décidé d'effectuer la procédure sous anesthésie intraveineuse. Après la guérison, un ulcère cornéen superficiel focal, un gonflement rétrobulbaire sévère, une légère exophtalmie ainsi qu'un gonflement et un prolapsus marqués de la troisième paupière (membrane nictitante) ont été observés. Les signes cliniques ont persisté au-delà de 48 heures malgré l'utilisation d'anti-inflammatoires systémiques et d'anti-inflammatoires oculaires topiques et d'antibiotiques. Une tarsorraphie temporaire a ensuite été réalisée à 48 heures et le cheval est sorti après 5 jours d'hospitalisation et de régression des signes cliniques. Bien qu'il soit très utile pour faciliter les extractions dentaires, le bloc du nerf maxillaire à l'aveugle est associé à des complications potentielles dues à une ponction vasculaire involontaire. Ce rapport de cas décrit une complication rare de prolapsus de la troisième paupière chez un cheval après un bloc nerveux maxillaire et un traitement réussi par tarsorraphie temporaire.Message clinique clé:Ce rapport de cas explique comment un gonflement et un prolapsus de la membrane nictitante peuvent survenir à la suite d'un bloc du nerf maxillaire à l'aveugle chez le cheval et décrit le traitement par tarsorraphie temporaire.(Traduit par Dr Serge Messier).

Delayed Life-Threatening Hemorrhage Caused by Cranial Tibial Artery Pseudoaneurysm in Two Dogs.

Two adult dogs were presented at 25 and 30 days following tibial external skeletal fixator placement (case 1) and tibial plateau leveling osteotomy (case 2), respectively. Clinical signs at presentation for each of them included acute onset lethargy, non-weight-bearing lameness, and hemorrhage at the surgical site with large hematoma formation. On admission, emergency whole blood transfusion was required in case 2 with a preoperative packed cell volume of 13%. Both dogs were diagnosed with pseudoaneurysm of the cranial tibial artery based on color Doppler ultrasonography. Additionally, computed tomography angiography was performed in one dog. Surgical treatment of the dogs included ligation of the cranial tibial artery supplying the pseudoaneurysm and curettage of hematoma. The surgery was completed without complications in case 1, but case 2 experienced inadvertent rupture of pseudoaneurysm with significant blood loss, which required another whole blood transfusion during the procedure. Both dogs had excellent functional recovery with no recurrence of clinical signs. We hypothesized that pseudoaneurysms were primarily caused by trauma secondary to placement of surgical implants or osteotomy. For orthopedic surgeons, it is important to recognize clinical signs of a potential tibial arterial pseudoaneurysm, as early surgical intervention may prevent loss of limb or life.

Aural hematoma in lambs associated with Otobius megnini (Ixodida: Argasidae) infestation.

In this report we described a case of aural hematomas in three lambs associated with Otobius megnini (Ixodida: Argasidae) infestation. From April to May 2021, five 3-month-old Hampshire cross lambs presented with unilateral aural hematomas. Upon otoscopic examination, engorged soft ticks (O. megnini) were observed in the external ear canals of three of the five lambs. The remaining two lambs had lesions consistent with infestation and were in a shared environment and deemed likely to have been infected. The treatment of all animals was based on the drainage of the serosanguinous fluid through an incision in the internal space of the ear pinna. Upon physical inspection of the entire flock (n = 310), O. megnini infestation was observed in one additional animal that did not have a hematoma. Following animal and environmental ectoparasiticide treatment with permethrin, no recurrences or additional cases of aural hematomas were observed in the flock in the following two-year period. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first description of aural hematomas in lambs associated with O. megnini infestation with successful recovery after surgery and off-label acaricide treatment.

Magnetic resonance imaging features of presumed intracerebral hemorrhages in dogs show a significant association between apparent diffusion coefficient peripheral layer and estimated bleeding age and commonly exhibit a T2 blackout effect.

In humans, intracranial hematomas commonly exhibit a T2 blackout effect (BOE) with diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) maps. Published descriptions of comparable findings in dogs with intracerebral hemorrhages are lacking. Aims of this retrospective observational study were to describe the appearance of presumed intracerebral hemorrhages (PICHs) in DWI regardless of the underlying etiology and presence of T2 blackout effect (T2 BOE) in dogs and to test potential associations with DWI and ADC findings versus the estimated age of the hemorrhage. Magnetic resonance imaging studies of dogs with presumed PICHs based on the combined evaluation of T2*W gradient echo and/or susceptibility-weighted imaging, T1W and T2W images were enrolled. The age of the hemorrhage was estimated according to published criteria based on T1W and T2W sequences. The association between the age of the hemorrhage and the appearance of each finding (stratified or mixed), their signal intensities in DWI/ADC and the presence of the T2 BOE, was evaluated. A total of 35 PICHs were included: 13 of them were stratified and 22 had a mixed aspect. Only the ADC appearance of the peripheral layer in stratified PICHs was significantly associated with estimated age of the hemorrhage (p = .033), being hypointense in all hyperacute cases and hypo-/isointense in acute cases. The T2 BOE was present in 29/35 PICHs. The DWI sequences showed limited utility to date PICHs in this study population. As in humans, the T2 BOE was commonly seen in DWI and ADC maps of dogs with PICHs.

Hemorrhagic bowel syndrome in dairy cattle: Gross, histological, and microbiological characterization.

Hemorrhagic bowel syndrome (HBS) is a sporadic and fatal disease of predominantly lactating dairy cattle, characterized by segmental hemorrhage and luminal clot formation in the small intestine. Although, Clostridium perfringens and Aspergillus fumigatus have been associated with HBS, the pathogenesis and cause are currently unknown. In this study, 18 naturally occurring cases of HBS (7 necropsied immediately following euthanasia, 11 with 12-48 hour postmortem intervals) were investigated to characterize the pathology and the intestinal microbiome. Hemorrhagic bowel syndrome was characterized by a single small-intestinal, intramucosal hematoma with dissection of the lamina muscularis mucosae. In most cases necropsied immediately after euthanasia (4/7), the intestinal mucosa proximal to the hematoma contained 9 to 14, dispersed, solitary or clustered, erosions or lacerations measuring 4 to 45 mm. In 77% (37/48) of these mucosal lesions, microscopic splitting of the lamina muscularis mucosae comparable to the hematoma was present. These findings suggest the intramucosal hematoma to originate from small mucosal erosions through dissecting hemorrhage within the lamina muscularis mucosae. No invasive fungal growth was observed in any tissue. Bacteriological cultivation and nanopore sequencing showed a polymicrobial population at the hematoma and unaffected intestine, with mostly mild presence of C perfringens at selective culture. Gross and microscopic lesions, as well as the culture and sequencing results, were not in support of involvement of C perfringens or A fumigatus in the pathogenesis of HBS.

Diagnosis and successful management of an extradural compressive hematoma secondary to diphacinone poisoning in a dog.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the successful case management of an extradural hematoma secondary to anticoagulant rodenticide toxicity causing spinal compression and paraplegia. CASE SUMMARY: A 3-month-old, female intact, mixed breed dog was presented for a 12-hour history of paraplegia. CBC and biochemistry results were unremarkable, and a coagulation panel revealed prolonged prothrombin time with normal activated partial thromboplastin time. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed an extradural compressive lesion within the vertebral canal extending from T6 to T11, most consistent with an extradural hematoma. Further coagulation testing revealed a coagulopathy caused by vitamin K1 deficiency and confirmed exposure to the anticoagulant rodenticide, diphacinone. The dog was medically managed with fresh frozen plasma, aminocaproic acid, and oral vitamin K1 therapy. A right-sided T6 to T11 hemilaminectomy was later performed for removal of the extradural hematoma and spinal decompression. The dog's neurological status gradually improved postoperatively and, at the time of discharge, was nonambulatory paraparetic with voluntary micturition. Four weeks postoperatively, the dog had normal prothrombin and activated partial thromboplastin times and was nonambulatory paraparetic with strong motor function. NEW OR UNIQUE INFORMATION PROVIDED: This is the first reported case of a dog with an extradural hematoma secondary to anticoagulant rodenticide causing spinal cord compression and neurological deficits. Surgical management of this case was successful and resulted in improvement of neurological signs. Extradural hematoma should be considered as a potential location of bleeding in rodenticide toxicity as well as a differential diagnosis in patients with neurological deficits.

A comparison of two manual catching methods of broiler considering injuries and behavior.

The aim of this study was to compare the 2 manual catching methods in terms of injuries and behavior. Throughout 12 loadings on practical farms with the same standard, 1 container each was caught using the one-legged (1LCM) and 1 using the two-legged catching method (2LCM). The animals were filmed during loading to evaluate their behavior and subsequently examined regarding injuries. Wing flapping was observed more frequently in broilers caught with the 1LCM than 2 LCM. Carrying animals with neighbors (1 neighbor: P < 0.001; 2 neighbors: P < 0.001) and a grasping position at or above the tarsal joint (P < 0.001; P < 0.054) reduced wing flapping in both methods. A short grasping duration (P = 0.004), settling the broilers into the crate (P = 0.005) and avoiding striking the broilers against the crate (P < 0.001) reduced the occurrence of wing flapping. About 1.1% of 1LCM and 0.43% of 2LCM broilers were diagnosed with an epiphysiolysis. Catching with the 1LCM (P = 0.042), loading in lower crates (low vs. middle: P = 0.005; low vs. high: P = 0.008), a longer catching duration (p = 0.025) and female broilers (P = 0.007) had a higher chance for epiphysiolysis. Broilers loaded in lower crates (P = 0.007) and ones which showed more wing flapping (P = 0.015) had a higher chance for hematomas. A higher loading duration led to a higher risk of hematomas (prevalence: 1.5%) and a prevalence of 1.0% of broilers with severe injury in 2LCM in a simultaneously performed study (mechanical loading vs. 2LCM), in which manual loadings of entire barns were evaluated. This may be caused by fatigue of the workers. In summary, the catching method or number of grasped legs is not the decisive factor, but the compliance and implementation of the identified risks and careful handling of the animals are determining factors to reduce wing injuries caused by loading and wing flapping.

Non-blinded treatment of aural -hematoma with oral prednisolone as a monotherapy in privately-owned dogs.

INTRODUCTION: Aural hematoma is the most common injury of the pinna in dogs. Treatment options are various. More recently, medical therapy has been more commonly pursued than surgical options. Therefore, our hypothesis was that monotherapy with oral prednisolone for one month is sufficient to successfully treat dogs diagnosed with aural hematoma. In this open prospective experimental study without control group, clinicians treated 24 privately-owned dogs suffering from aural hematoma with oral prednisolone at 1 mg / kg / day for 14 days, followed by 0,5 mg / kg / day for another 14 days. In case of strong side effects, the dose reduction was already initiated after 7 days of treatment. The success was assessed subjectively after 14 days by the owner and after 28 days by a clinician or specialist. In addition, before and after treatment the thickness of the swelling was measured. In 21 of 24 dogs, oral prednisolone treatment for 28 days lead to a subjective clinical improvement of at least 80 %. The ear thickness was reduced by at least 50 %. This study showed that treating dogs suffering from aural hematoma for four weeks with oral prednisolone used as a monotherapy leads to promising results and could be considered as an economical, non-invasive and safe treatment alternative for aural hematoma in dogs.

INTRODUCTION: L'hématome auriculaire est la lésion la plus fréquente du pavillon de l'oreille chez le chien. Les options de traitement sont diverses. Depuis un certain temps, la thérapie médicale a été plus souvent proposée que les options chirurgicales. Par conséquent, notre hypothèse était qu'une monothérapie avec de la prednisolone orale pendant un mois est suffisante pour traiter avec succès les chiens souffrant d'un hématome auriculaire. Dans cette étude expérimentale prospective ouverte sans groupe de contrôle, les cliniciens ont traité 24 chiens privés souffrant d'un hématome auriculaire avec de la prednisolone orale à raison de 1 mg / kg / jour pendant 14 jours, suivie de 0,5 mg / kg / jour pendant 14 autres jours. En cas de forts effets secondaires, la réduction de la dose était déjà amorcée après 7 jours de traitement. Le succès du traitement a été évalué subjectivement après 14 jours par le propriétaire et après 28 jours par un clinicien ou un spécialiste. En outre, l'épaisseur de l'enflure a été mesurée avant et après le traitement. Chez 21 des 24 chiens, le traitement oral à la prednisolone pendant 28 jours a entraîné une amélioration clinique subjective d'au moins 80 %. L'épaisseur de l'oreille a été réduite d'au moins 50 %. Cette étude a montré que le traitement des chiens souffrant d'un hématome auriculaire pendant quatre semaines avec de la prednisolone orale utilisée en monothérapie conduit à des résultats prometteurs et pourrait être considéré comme une alternative de traitement économique, non invasive et sûre pour l'hématome auriculaire chez les chiens.

Assessment of Dilute Epinephrine and Mechanical Pressure for Prevention of Feline Postoperative Scrotal Hematoma: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

To determine whether two immediately postoperative preventive procedures, dilute epinephrine (1:400,000) as a scrotal wash or application of controlled mechanical pressure to the scrotum, reduce the risk or severity of scrotal hematoma following routine castration. Male cats with two descended testicles presenting to Midwestern University's Trap Neuter Return program were eligible for inclusion. Cats were assigned via block randomization to control, dilute epinephrine wash, or controlled mechanical pressure groups. For the epinephrine group, 0.2 ml (0.008 mg) of epinephrine diluted with sterile saline was instilled inside the scrotum. In the case of mechanical pressure, a broad-based clip generating less than 0.5 kg of pressure was applied for 10 minutes. Cats were evaluated for scrotal hematoma and the need for treatment by a veterinarian blinded to treatment group. Multivariable logistic regression was used to determine if the incidence of scrotal hematoma or scrotal hematoma requiring treatment was different between groups while controlling for other variables. There were 276 cats with a median age of 30 months (IQR 12,48) and a mean weight of 3.5 kg (SD 1.2). Scrotal hematomas were noted in 15 of the 92 (16%) control cats, as compared with 12 of the 92 (13%) epinephrine and nine of the 92 (10%) pressure cats. Treatment was required for 10 (67%) control, six (50%) epinephrine, and three (33%) pressure hematomas. Regression demonstrated a decreased risk of scrotal hematoma requiring treatment for cats in the pressure group (OR = 0.2, P = .044) controlling for weight (OR = 2.2, P = .006) and surgical duration (OR = 1.1, P = .026). Weight was the only significant variable for the presence of scrotal hematoma (OR = 2.2, P < .0001). Controlled mechanical pressure applied immediately after routine castration can help decrease the proportion of scrotal hematomas that require treatment.

Radiographic and CT features of zygomatic arch pneumatization in a Thoroughbred with a recurrent progressive ethmoid hematoma.

A 7-year-old Thoroughbred gelding presented with a history of mild unilateral right-sided epistaxis and facial swelling over the right caudal maxillary sinus and zygomatic arch. Eleven months previously a progressive ethmoid hematoma had been surgically removed from the right caudal maxillary and conchofrontal sinus. Computed tomography identified a large expansile soft-tissue attenuating mass in the right caudal maxillary sinus, with protrusion into the conchofrontal sinus, that extended into the zygomatic arch. Lytic expansion and thinning of the cortex with pneumatization of the zygomatic arch was present. The mass was surgically excised after a biopsy had confirmed the recurring progressive ethmoid hematoma.

Acute cerebral compression caused by an epidural hematoma associated with cryptococcosis in a dog.

OBJECTIVE: To describe acute cerebral compression caused by an epidural hematoma (EDH) in a dog with cryptococcal infection. CASE SUMMARY: An 18-month-old neutered male Neapolitan Mastiff was found comatose with no preceding clinical signs apart from a mild forelimb lameness. A CT scan of the head revealed a lesion within the right caudal nasal cavity that traversed the cribriform plate in addition to a right epidural lesion resulting in compression of the right cerebrum. Assessment of brain death was made based on the presence of coma, apnea, and absence of brain stem reflexes and included assessment of the vestibulo-ocular reflex. Postmortem identified a large EDH causing marked compression of the right frontal lobe. A nasal biopsy cultured Cryptococcus gattii. NEW OR UNIQUE INFORMATION PROVIDED: EDH formation in a dog secondary to cryptococcosis has not been previously reported. This is also the first time a caloric vestibulo-ocular reflex assessment has been reported in a dog.

Surgical creation of multiple drainage holes versus local injection of corticosteroids for treatment of aural hematomas in dogs: 51 dogs with 71 aural hematomas (2000-2017).

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the outcome of surgical creation of multiple drainage holes (MDHs) versus local corticosteroid injection (LCI) for treatment of aural hematomas (AHs) in dogs and identify risk factors for recurrence and development of new AHs. ANIMALS: 51 dogs with 71 AHs. PROCEDURES: Medical records were reviewed, and information on signalment, clinical findings, and outcome was recorded. Recurrence was defined as development of an AH at the primary site after the first month of treatment. Development of a new AH was defined as an AH occurring at a site different from the treated site. RESULTS: The recurrence rate after the first month of treatment was significantly higher following the LCI procedure (17/48 AHs [33%]) than after the MDH procedure (1/24 AHs [4%]). The odds of recurrence increased as the numbers of LCI in the first month increased (OR, 2.414). Recurrent AHs after LCI resolved with additional LCIs; only 1 AH (2%) required a change to MDHs. No recurrence was observed after the eighth month, and the cosmetic results were good. Sixteen of 51 (31%) dogs had multiple or new AHs. The risk of new AHs was higher in Golden Retrievers and Labrador Retrievers and in dogs with allergic dermatitis. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Long-term outcomes suggested that both creation of MDHs and LCI can be therapeutic options for dogs with AHs. However, the risk of new AH development should be considered, especially in retriever breeds and dogs with allergic dermatitis.

Surgical management of bilateral ear pinna lesions associated with traumatic aural hematoma in a 3-day-old goat kid.

Background: Aural hematomas are not uncommon in ruminants' clinical practice; however, there is a lack of information regarding their management in newborn ruminants, especially for complicated cases with rupture of the hematoma and secondary ear pinna necrosis. Case Description: A 3-day-old orphan goat kid was admitted due to swelling on the left ear pinna and trauma on the right pina caused by biting by other goats. The swelling on the left ear which was located at the convex surface was soft, painless, and fluid-filled, suggestive of aural hematoma located at the convex surface. The right pinna was swollen, bleeding, and extremely painful at palpation. The skin was necrotized at the distal 2/3rd of the convex surface and the 1/2 of the concave surface. Underneath the necrotized skin of the convex surface, blood, and blood clots were trapped, and there was a pocket between the remaining normal skin and the cartilage indicating possible rupture of aural hematoma. The kid was surgically treated under general anesthesia with xylazine and ketamine. The aural hematoma was drained by the convex surface using a Penrose tube after flushing the cavity with 2 mg dexamethasone. The trauma of the right pinna was left to heal by secondary intention after resection of all necrotized, edematous tissues, and blood clots. Post-surgery, the animal was treated with parenteral antibiotic administration and daily application of a topical antiseptic solution. The Penrose tube was removed after 5 days, and the animal recovered uneventfully. Conclusions: The present case indicates that aural hematoma can occur in newborn goat kids secondary to ear pinna biting and might evolve to pinna necrosis. In addition, tube drainage after flushing the cavity with corticosteroids appears to be an effective treatment approach without requiring bandaging post-operatively.

Reporting the epidemiology of aural haematoma in dogs and proposing a novel aetiopathogenetic pathway.

To evaluate the incidence and risk factors for aural haematoma in dogs under primary veterinary care in the UK. A cohort study design. Dogs diagnosed with aural haematoma during 2016 were identified from the VetCompass database. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression modelling were used for risk factor analysis. There were 2,249/905,554 dogs diagnosed with aural haematoma during 2016. The estimated one-year incidence risk for aural haematoma was 0.25% (95% confidence interval 0.24-0.26). After accounting for confounding factors, 14 breeds showed increased odds and 20 breeds showed reduced odds of aural haematoma compared with crossbred dogs. Breeds with the highest odds included Bull Terrier (OR 7.42, 95% confidence interval 4.39-12.54), Saint Bernard (OR 7.28, 95% confidence interval 3.58-14.81) and French Bulldog (OR 6.95, 95% confidence interval 5.55-8.70). Increasing age, increasing bodyweight and breeds with V-shaped drop and semi-erect ear carriage also showed increased odds of aural haematoma. Associations between ear carriage within breeds and the risk of aural haematoma suggest that trauma along the line of cartilage folding within V-shaped and semi-erect ears may trigger aural haematoma. New knowledge of key breed predispositions will contribute to improved breed health control strategies.

Clinical features, treatment, and outcome of aural hematomas in horses: 7 cases (2008-2019).

OBJECTIVE: To characterize the clinical features, treatment, and outcome of aural hematomas in horses. ANIMALS: 7 horses with 1 or 2 aural hematomas (8 ears in total) treated at a veterinary teaching hospital in 2008 through 2019. PROCEDURES: Data retrieved from medical records included signalment, pertinent historical information, clinical signs, diagnostic procedures (including dermatologic assessment), and treatments. Case outcome was determined from documentation in the medical record or via telephone communication with owners or referring veterinarians. RESULTS: 3 horses were presented after recurrence of aural hematoma following treatment by the referring veterinarian. Four horses had a history of allergic skin disease prior to aural hematoma development. Most (6/7) horses were unilaterally affected. Diagnostic assessments included otoscopic evaluation (3 horses), ultrasonography (3 horses), cytologic examination of ear canal swab samples (3 horses), and histologic examination of a pinnal biopsy specimen (1 horse). Of the 8 pinnae, 2 were treated by nonsurgical needle drainage (1 with concurrent corticosteroid injection) and the remaining 6 underwent surgical incision and placement of compressive sutures. Follow-up information was available for 6 horses, and all affected pinnae were fibrotic with 4 horses having permanent drooping of the pinna. One horse developed a hematoma in the contralateral pinna 1 year after hospital discharge. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Equine aural hematoma is a rare condition. The main principle of treatment is drainage, and treatment options commonly used in small animal practice can be successfully applied in horses. Permanent changes in the cosmetic appearance of the pinna are likely to develop owing to secondary fibrosis.

Canine calvarial subperiosteal hematomas are fluid to soft tissue attenuating mass-like lesions with smoothly marginated peripheral mineralization on CT.

Subperiosteal hematomas are accumulations of blood between a bone and the periosteum leading to elevation of the periosteum. When ossified they have a mineralized outer rim. For this retrospective, multi-institutional case series, medical records were searched to identify dogs that underwent CT for focal calvarial swellings noted acutely after trauma. A total of four dogs were included. Computed tomography images were reviewed for each case. The focal swellings had progressed in size during the weeks after the head trauma until the time of imaging. Findings in all cases included a fluid to soft tissue attenuating mass-like lesion with smoothly marginated peripheral mineralization. Diagnosis was confirmed in two cases by cytology and/or histopathology. Therefore, authors recommend that subperiosteal hematoma be included in the differential diagnosis list for dogs with these clinical and CT characteristics. Based on our review of the literature, this is the first report to describe the CT features of calvarial subperiosteal hematomas in dogs.

Renal pelvic rupture, intrapelvic haematoma and retroperitoneal haemorrhage associated with obstructive ureterolithiasis in a cat.

A neutered female cat presented with a 9-day history of hyporexia and depression. The referring veterinarian had identified moderate non-regenerative anaemia, haematuria and suspected unilateral obstructive ureterolithiasis. Subsequent ultrasonography revealed moderate distension of the left renal pelvis with echogenic material, ureteral distension and ureterolithiasis. A partial ureteral obstruction was suspected. After 4 days of medical management, there was further distension of the renal pelvis with well-delineated echogenic material and an accumulation of perinephric fluid. A left nephroureterectomy was performed. Renal pelvic rupture with intrapelvic haematoma and retroperitoneal haemorrhage was confirmed by histopathology. Eighteen months following surgery, the cat remained clinically well with normal renal values.

Periprocedural vascular access complications associated with percutaneous femoral arterial access using the modified Seldinger's technique in dogs during cardiac catheterization: a single-center experience.

BACKGROUND: The primary objective of this study is to evaluate the peri-procedural major and minor complications associated with percutaneous femoral arterial access using modified Seldinger's technique in dogs that underwent cardiac catheterization. METHODS: Medical records of 62 client owned dogs that underwent percutaneous femoral arterial access for interventional cardiac procedures were retrospectively evaluated. Post-procedural manual compression was used for hemostasis. Peri-procedural vascular access complications (that occurred from procedure time to discharge) were evaluated. Vascular access complications were divided into two groups: minor complications that did not require specific therapy and major complications that did require an intervention to address the complication associated with vascular access. RESULTS: The minor complication rate was 30.6% (19/62) with most dogs experiencing minor bruising and small hematomas. The major complication rate was 3.2% (2/62). Both major complications were associated with bleeding with one dog requiring blood transfusion and the other dog requiring fluid therapy. No peri-procedural mortality associated with vascular access was noted. CONCLUSION: This retrospective study suggests that percutaneous femoral arterial access using the modified Seldinger's technique with post-procedural manual compression for hemostasis is viable option for vascular access during cardiac catheterization and associated with no peri-procedural mortality in dogs. The lower rate of complications noted in this study may be related to operator experiences and as such complication rate at a single center may not reflect the experience at other centers.